2013-05-20 por admin

International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)^{[note 1]} is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of oral language.^[1] The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech-language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators, and translators.^[2]^[3]

The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are distinctive in oral language: phonemes, intonation, and the separation of words and syllables.^[1] To represent additional qualities of speech, such as tooth gnashing, lisping, and sounds made with a cleft palate, an extended set of symbols called the Extensions to the IPA may be used.^[2]

IPA symbols are composed of one or more elements of two basic types, letters and diacritics. For example, the sound of the English letter ⟨t⟩ may be transcribed in IPA with a single letter, [t], or with a letter plus diacritics, [t̺ʰ], depending on how precise one wishes to be.^{[note 2]} Often, slashes are used to signal broad or phonemic transcription; thus, /t/ is less specific than, and could refer to, either [t̺ʰ] or [t] depending on the context and language.

Occasionally letters or diacritics are added, removed, or modified by the International Phonetic Association. As of the most recent change in 2005,^[4] there are 107 letters, 52 diacritics, and four prosodic marks in the IPA. These are shown in the current IPA chart, posted below in this article and at the website of the IPA.^[5]

Main article: Consonant

v
t
e

IPA pulmonic consonantschart image • audio

Place →

Alveolo-palatal

Sibilant fricative

Non-sibilant fricative

ᴙ *

Lateral fricative

ꞎ *

Lateral approximant

Non-pulmonic consonants
Clicks	ʘ	ǀ		ǃ		ǂ		ǁ
Clicks	ʘ̃	ʘ̃ˀ		ʘ͡q		ʘ͡qʼ		‼
Implosives	ɓ	ɗ	ʄ	ᶑ		ɠ		ʛ
Ejectives	pʼ	t̪ʼ	tʼ	cʼ	ʈʼ		kʼ	qʼ
	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ɬʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	tsʼ	tɬʼ	cʎ̝̥ʼ	tʃʼ	ʈʂʼ	kxʼ	kʟ̝̊ʼ	qχʼ

Affricates
p̪f	b̪v	ts	dz	t̪s̪	d̪z̪	tθ	dð	tʃ	dʒ
tɕ	dʑ	ʈʂ	ɖʐ	tɬ	dɮ	cç	ɟʝ	cʎ̥˔
kx	ɡɣ	kʟ̝̊	ɡʟ̝	qχ	ɢʁ

Co-articulated consonants
Continuants	ʍ	w	ɥ	ɧ
Occlusives	k͡p	ɡ͡b	ŋ͡m

— These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]

— Where symbols appear in pairs, left–right represent the voiceless–voiced consonants.

— Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible.

— Symbols marked with an asterisk (*) are not defined in the IPA.

Notes

Asterisks (*) indicate unofficial IPA symbols for attested sounds. See the respective articles for ad hoc symbols found in the literature.
In rows where some letters appear in pairs (the obstruents), the letter to the right represents a voiced consonant (except breathy-voiced [ɦ]). However, [ʔ] cannot be voiced, and the voicing of [ʡ] is ambiguous.^[37] In the other rows (the sonorants), the single letter represents a voiced consonant.
Although there is a single letter for the coronal places of articulation for all consonants but fricatives, when dealing with a particular language, the letters may be treated as specifically dental, alveolar, or post-alveolar, as appropriate for that language, without diacritics.
Shaded areas indicate articulations judged to be impossible.
The letters [ʁ, ʕ, ʢ] represent either voiced fricatives or approximants.
In many languages, such as English, [h] and [ɦ] are not actually glottal, fricatives, or approximants. Rather, they are bare phonation.^[38]
It is primarily the shape of the tongue rather than its position that distinguishes the fricatives [ʃ ʒ], [ɕ ʑ], and [ʂ ʐ].
The labiodental nasal [ɱ] is not known to exist as a phoneme in any language.^[39]

http://ipa.group.shef.ac.uk/symbols.php